Business Strategy Essay Example for Free

Business Strategy Essay In 2006, Starbucks’, the universal espresso retailer, shut a time of dumbfounding money related execution. Deals had expanded from $697 million to $7.8 billion and net benefits from $36 million to $540 million. In 2006, Starbucks’ was winning an arrival on contributed capital of 25.5%, which was amazing by any measure, and the organization was determined to keep developing income and keep up high benefits all the way to the finish of the decade. How did this happen? Thirty years back Starbucks was a solitary store in Seattle’s Pike Place Market selling premium simmered espresso. Today it is a worldwide roaster and retailer of espresso with in excess of 12,000 retail locations, exactly 3,000 of which are to be found in 40 nations outside the United States. Starbucks Corporation set out on its present course during the 1980s when the company’s executive of showcasing, Howard Schultz, returned from an excursion to Italy captivated with the Italian café experience. Schultz, who later became CEO, convinced the company’s proprietors to explore different avenues regarding the café formatâ€and the Starbucks experience was conceived. Schultz’s essential knowledge was that individuals came up short on a â€Å"third place† among home and work where they could have their very own break, meet with companions, unwind, and have a feeling of social event. The plan of action that advanced out of this was to sell the company’s own premium simmered espresso, alongside newly fermented coffee style espresso drinks, an assortment of cakes, espresso adornments, teas, and different items, in a café setting. The organization dedicated, and keeps on committing, significant thoughtfulness regarding the structure of its stores, in order to make a casual, casual and agreeable environment. Basic this methodology was a conviction that Starbucks was selling definitely more than espresso †it was selling an encounter. The top notch valu e that Starbucks charged for its espresso mirrored this reality. From the beginning, Schultz likewise centered around giving predominant client support in stores. Thinking that roused representatives give the best client care, Starbucks administrators created worker employing and preparing programs that were the best in the café business. Today, all Starbucks representatives are required to go to instructional courses that show them not just how to make a decent mug of espresso, yet additionally the administration situated estimations of the organization. Past this, Starbucks gave dynamic pay arrangements that gave even low maintenance representatives investment opportunity awards and health advantages †an extremely inventive methodology in an industry where most workers are low maintenance, win the lowest pay permitted by law and have no advantages. Not at all like numerous café networks, which extended quickly through diversifying course of action once they have set up a fundamental equation that seems to work, Schultz accepted that Starbucks expected to possess its stores. In spite of the fact that it has tried different things with diversifying game plans in certain nations, and a few circumstances in the United States, for example, at air terminals, the organization despite everything wants to claim its own stores at whatever point conceivable. This equation met with breathtaking accomplishment in the United States, where Starbucks went from lack of definition to outstanding amongst other known brands in the nation in 10 years. As it developed, Starbucks found that it was producing a huge volume of rehash business. Today the normal client comes into a Starbucks’ store around 20 times each month. The clients themselves are a genuinely all around recuperated bunch †their normal salary is about $80,000. As the organization developed, it began to build up an extremely modern area technique. Itemized segment examination was utilized to recognize the best areas for Starbuck’s stores. The organization extended quickly to catch whatever number premium areas as could be allowed before imitators. Shocking numerous onlookers, Starbucks would even now and again find stores on inverse corners of the equivalent occupied road †so it could catch traffic going various headings down the road. By 1995 with very nearly 700 stores over the United States, Starbucks started investigating remote chances. First stop was Japan, where Starbucks demonstrated that the essential offer could be applied to an alternate social setting (there are presently 600 stores in Japan). Next, Starbucks left upon a quick improvement methodology in Asia and Europe. By 2001, the magazine Brandchannel named Starbucks’ one the ten most effective worldwide brands, a position it has held from that point forward. In any case, this is just the start. In late 2006, with 12,000 stores in activity, the organization reported that its drawn out objective was to have 40,000 stores around the world. Looking forward, it expects half of all new store openings to be outside of the United.i Case Discussion Questions 1. What utilitarian techniques at Starbucks’ help the organization to accomplish prevalent money related execution? 2. Distinguish the assets, abilities and unmistakable skills of Starbucks? 3. How do Starbucks’ assets, capacities and particular skills convert into unrivaled monetary execution? 4. For what reason do you think Starbucks’ wants to claim its own stores at whatever point conceivable? 5. How secure is Starbucks’ serious advantage?What are the boundaries to impersonation here? !Sources: Starbucks 10K, different years; C. McLean, â€Å"Starbucks Set to Invade Coffee-Loving Continent,† Seattle Times, October 4, 2000, p. E1; J. Ordonez, â€Å"Starbucks to Start Major Expansion in Overseas Market,† Wall Street Journal, October 27, 2000, p. B10; S. Homes and D. Bennett, â€Å"Planet Starbucks,† Business Week, September 9, 2002, pp 99â€110; J. Batsell, â€Å"A Bean Counters Dream,† Seattle Times, March 28th, 2004, page E1; Staff Reporter, â€Å"Boss Talk: it’s a Grande Latte World†, Wall Street Journal, December 15, 2003, page B1. States. C. Harris, â€Å"Starbucks beats gauges, plots development plans†, Seattle Post Intelligencer, October fifth, 2006, page C1

Finance in the Hospitality Industry Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Money in the Hospitality Industry - Assignment Example Owner’s capital, be that as it may, is much of the time restricted since the sole merchant might not have satisfactory investment funds to back capital use. Furrowing back benefits includes re-contributing the salary from the business. Benefits for reinvestment are promptly accessible in the business gave the business gains benefits. The open door cost of reinvesting capital is lower contrasted with different wellsprings of capital (Fields, 2011). Furrowing back benefits will enable the sole merchant to dodge the immense expenses of premium paid on bank credits and renting of the necessary hardware. The main weakness of this wellspring of capital is that it isn't generally accessible, particularly during periods when the business isn't making the benefit. Banks give present moment, medium-term and long haul funds to the organizations. Banks will back all benefit needs of the merchant including working capital, gear and hardware. Bank advances are typically promptly accessible wellsprings of capital use (Fields, 2011). This is on the grounds that banks are consistently prepared to put resources into organizations as far as giving the credit to acquire premium. Another bit of leeway of banks is that they offer some level of adaptability with the end goal that the borrower can take care of the advance early and end the agreement to keep away from amassing of premium (Drury, 2003). Banks, in any case, require colossal loan fees and security, which restricts the availability of these funds. This suggests the sole dealer should buckle down so as to produce enough income to cover the intrigue installments and return the head. Furthermore, banks will require affirmation of installment by requiring individual assurances and made sure about ent husiasm on close to home resources. Companions and family members can bolster sole merchants while setting up business endeavors. They can give funds to purchasing capital merchandise. As a sole dealer, I can either get the full some for purchasing the necessary hardware or contribute an extent of the  £50,000.â â

Character Essay :: essays research papers

Character Essay Portrayal, a technique that a creator decides to build up his/her character, is a significant component in a story. In â€Å"Lamb to the Slaughter,† Roald Dahl, adequately builds up the hero both straightforwardly and in a roundabout way; be that as it may, the utilization of circuitous portrayal is progressively predominant in light of the fact that it uncovers her activities and how she manages her contention, her words, and making a powerful character with her words, and her character.      First, she appears to be a run of the mill house-spouse yearning for her better half to return, yet something is odd about this specific day; â€Å"There was a moderate grinning air about her, and about all that she did†¦was inquisitively tranquil†¦the eyes, with their new serene look, appeared to be bigger, and darker than before† (108). It was as though she is anticipating that something abnormal should occur, and that she is getting ready for that particular second. Furthermore, her activities change from being a spouse satisfying husband, to a hesitant lady that knew out of nowhere, precisely what to do, as though she had been set up for quite a long time. Likewise, in the start of the story she is portrayed as a tame, innocuous individual, however following her better half uncovers his weight, she gets insecure and normally she hits her significant other. She â€Å"†¦simply strolled up behind him and immediately she swung the huge solidified leg of lamb†¦and brought it down as hard as she could†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (111). What's more, as peculiar as it looks, she goes to some degree through a transforms, from being a substance house-spouse, to a neurotic, had lady, to the point of executing her better half.      Second, she uncovers through her words, her trickery and trickiness by eliminating all the proof left. At the point when the police showed up she attempting to conceal proof, requests her husband’s bourbon, â€Å"‘Jack†¦would you mind giving me a drink?’†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢You mean this whiskey?’†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Yes, please’†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Why don’t you gobble up that sheep that is in the oven?’†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (115,116), and the peruser understands that she attempts to persuade others with her beguiling untruths, and with a solid arrangement of tenable words, she escapes effectively; â€Å"She attempted a grin. It came out so peculiar†¦The voice sounded so exceptional too†¦She practiced it a few times more†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (112). Mrs. Maloney, had considered it even before the occurrence occurred, for she attempts to look as typical as could reasonably be expected, by acting it out her day by day schedule.      Finally, her character makes in her a powerful portrayal, and as the peruser watches it when she is conversing with the retailer, by saying something odd: â€Å"’I got a pleasant leg of sheep from the freezer†¦I don’t much like cooking it frozen†¦but I’m taking a risk on it this time.

Witness report 3 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Witness report 3 - Research Paper Example This filled in as a support to the crowd since I disclosed to them that settling on a decision to give up their life to Christ was the most ideal approach to make the most of His adoration and penance. Notwithstanding, I made it understood I would not drive them to settle on the decision, and they were allowed to settle on their choice when they were prepared on the grounds that God’s timing is the best planning. I disclosed to them that getting Jesus Christ as their friend in need was an individual decision, and whoever decided to do so would wonder and offer in the extraordinary love of our Father in paradise. They would experience the ill effects of common pains as they would see life from in another point of view as an offspring of God (Westcott 2003, 64). A portion of the audience members had their protests as they remarked that they didn't know of adoration and opportunity it would bring. My response to them was that confidence was what they required as I cited Hebrews 11:6. Toward the finish of my observer, I requested those keen on offering their to life to God to step advance and supplicate with me as they affirmed their acknowledgment of God’s love and will upon their lives. A couple of them came, and we supplicated together, and they acknowledged to live in the light of the expression of

Teaching Philosophy Statement :: Philosophy Education Essays

Showing Philosophy Statement My way of thinking of training draws on various hypothetical structures. Be that as it may, the key part is the individual, all the more explicitly, the kid. Every one of us - every kid - is extraordinary and exceptional, despite the fact that we mirror a socially developed perspective on the world. The pressure among contrast and shared development can be thought about because of each individual’s encounters. Such encounters are an aftereffect of living in a social world and are unique in relation to those accomplished by others. What's more, the manner by which every individual joins these encounters into their general understandings, through creation connections or making important associations, brings about uniqueness. As a rule, I see instructing and getting the hang of happening in a homeroom network dependent on giving chances to understudies to build up the aptitudes and understandings important (a) to work viably in a popular government, (b) to direct request, (c) to independently and socially arrange and build significant understandings, (d) to basically look at the pertinence of specific methods of request and specific information claims for the particular setting in which they are working, and (e) to create complex understandings both inside and across disciplinary limits. Point â€Å"d† alludes to finding the center ground between the unhindered relativism of some postmodernist scrutinizes and the positivism that has denoted our past ways to deal with learning and instructing. My whole way of thinking and way to deal with instructing and learning science is expounded upon in my book from Irwin Publishing: Creating a Classroom Community of Young Scientists: A Desktop Companion. With this situation as the premise, I consider training to be a procedure of developing unpredictable, significant understandings. The fundamental fixing in this procedure is giving chances to kids to get connections. Very frequently in tutoring, we show youngsters what some thing is without perceiving how that thing is identified with different things. The examples of how things are associated should be the essential core interest. For example, in science we may instruct kids that a sparrow is a winged creature and that flying creatures have certain qualities. Be that as it may, this view is basically without setting and importance. Then again, we can see how feathered creatures are identified with different living beings in their structure, activities, etc (i.e., homology, similarity, development, and so on.). We can assist kids with associating their thoughts regarding and individual encounters with winged animals to math, verse, craftsmanship, music, and different controls. The p otential extravagance of importance should be the core interest.

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purchase custom Mental State after War exposition Mental state is that mental state which shows the emotional wellness status of a person as he conveys his everyday exercises. The fundamental point of this exposition is to portray the psychological condition of the primary character in the show, ' The Man Outside' Beckmann and the sort of express the world in after the war.The play depicts the arrival of a miserable warrior known as Backmann who return to his nation in the wake of being in the war field in Russia, to the mistrust of this character he finds that he had lost his home , spouse and what's more his convictions and deceptions. Beckmann end up in a circumstance where each entryway is shut for him in regard to his life. The play brings a circumstance where even the waterway is dismissing his endeavors to end it all. The play reach a conclusion with what it tends to be said to be Beckmann's demise. From the above brief depiction of the play, some mental character created in Beckmann following his arrival from war in Russia to discover everything that he had possessed was no more. One of the new mental conditions of Beckmann after the war is dreams, this come because of his endeavors to end it all in vein. In this fantasy he winds up skimming in stream Elbe. The stream go to be protective figure as opposed to washing him a way where this nurturing figure finds that Beckmann is making an endeavor to murder him yet laushes out, disparaging him from ending it all. The mother figure calls him in a blacked out heart and reveals to him that she won't allow him to slaughter himself. This fantasy closes with him washing the sand. This fantasy uncovers to the sort of life that Beckmann needs to live that is brimming with torments and mental issues. This gets him to a point where he even can't have tranquil evenings because of consistent dreams that come to him consistently after his ende avor to end it all fizzled. In scene each other mental character of Beckmann comes out and that is disturbance. We an individual who acquaints himself with Bechmann, yet rather than him being well mannered Beckmann says that he is 'yes-sayer' he wind up advising the man to leave. This show the war had contrary mental impact on Beckmann where his capacity to cooperate with others is significantly influence by the loss of his home and spouse. Another character that we find in him is that of pity after the war. This is uncovered to us by the young lady in scene two who turned by offering some assistance to Beckmann, the young lady gives him dry dress and causes him to get some glow. The young lady from the start clarifies that the explanation for her assistance was because of the way that Bechmann was wet and cool, yet later she concede that she helped him since he some way or another looked honest and pitiful. The purpose for his bitterness can be credited to what occurred after his arrival from the war front n R ussia, to his misery Beckmann come to realty with the hard truth of the loss of his home and spouse which was difficult for him to hold up under. Scene two of the play shows another psychological province of Beckmann where he lost the enthusiasm of being alive and he endeavors to end it all for a subsequent time in vein. After the assistance that he gets from the young lady, Bechmann follows her to where she lives and he discovers the young lady's significant other was likewise a trooper like him. We see the young lady snickering at him because of the gasmask goggles that was wearing, since it allowed him to consider the to be as hazy and dim. The young lady state that her better half return from war in props because of a military order given by sergeant Beckmann that why he had lost his leg. This disclosure chases down him to the degree of that he returns to the waterway for another endeavor to end it all. The war affected the psychological territory of Beckmann where he fails to find a sense of contentment with what occurred during the war and much after the war, the arrangement available to him is to attempt to end it all s o as to flee from these real factors. In scene three we see another territory of Beckmann's psychological state where he reprimands the colonel for what occurred during the war. He converses with the colonel about the different bad dreams that he needed to bear every single day. He portrays dreams where man is running sweating profusely. Beckmann tells the colonel that all the dead men since the commencement are there and he is among them looking debilitated, by one way or another stained and this men continue yelling out his name. This scene uncovers the torment that Beckmann is experiencing because of the men lost under his order during the war time frame. This psychological torment makes Beckmann to go to the degree of accusing the colonel of the considerable number of men lost during the war. It very well may be inferred that he is accusing the colonel as a getaway to the way that those men lost their lives under his order, he is doing this trying to discover harmony with his spirit for what occurred during the war. Putting together my contention with respect to the above mental character of Beckmann after the war, it very well may be reasoned that he is impulsive because of what happened to his life after the war. This condition of his psyche can be ascribed basically to the way that he lost all he had including his significant other and home. This circumstance is the thing that brings backs what occurred during the war to him because of the forlornness and bitterness realized by these realities of losing everything that he esteemed throughout everyday life. All endeavors to end it all, to avoid individuals and putting the fault of the lost men during the war who were under his order is only an endeavor to discover harmony for his spirit. The post war impact influences him contrarily intellectually and socially. Then again, our concentrate currently goes to the kinnd of express the world is in after the war as depicted in the dramatization, ' The Man Outside'. First individuals on the planet are in torment because of the loss of their cherished one during the war. This is appeared by the sort of torment that Beckmann needs to experience after the war where he lost his home and spouse because of the war. The agonies are to a lot to hold up under for other people, that they even go to the degree of taking their lifes because of the anguish. The condition of the universe of the war can be portrayed as where many are in torment battling to accompany terms with what they lost during the war. Another condition of the world after the war as uncovered by the dramatization is loss of property and lives. This is unmistakably appeared by what Beckmann lost during the war. He gets back home to find that he had lost all that he esteemed throughout everyday life, his better half and home. We see him having bad dreams because of numerous troopers that were lost during the war. This shows the war effectsly affected the tenant of the earth where they needed to lose them adored one and property because of war. They individuals are influenced financially and sincerely because of these misfortunes realized by the war. The war additionally got the world a state where numerous individuals incapacitated truly and intellectually as the outcome. This is portrayed to us by the physical impediment condition of the young lady who helped Beckmann. The young lady describe to him that her significant other lost a leg during the war. This demonstrations proof that numerous individuals on the planet ended up being crippled truly where some lost their legs, hands, eyes among numerous different pieces of their bodies. This show the world in a condition of grappling with the torments of the war which came about to the physical impairments of a portion of its individuals. At long last, the world is in a condition of habitual pettiness for what occurred during the war. This condition of habitual pettiness is found in the play where Beckmann goes to colonel house and censures him for all the individuals that kicked the bucket under his order during the war in Russia. The creator of the show principle point in this scene is to draw out the subject of habitual pettiness that consistently comes because of war. This is the situation on the planet where individuals are consistently in habitual pettiness for what occurred in the war. Some accuse their seniors for the loss of their companion in the war front and loss of property. The end that can be gotten from the psychological province of Beck and the world after the war was welcomed on the play; ' The Man Outside ' shows that all the individuals everywhere throughout the world should live in harmony and amicability. The creator disheartens the total populace not to do battle with one another by indicating the expenses of the war in his dramatization. The creator shows that the war achieves mental torment, loss of cherished one, property and enemity between different individuals and countries. Purchase custom Mental State after War article

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February 28, 2019 Enrolling into the university is sensational for scholars in the beginning. They experience the differences in their way of life, practices, schedules, environment, and lecturers. Adapting to the new college system takes at least three weeks. You gain a new understanding of various customs and practices. Many students fail to keep up with the vast amount of advanced information and end up not studying successfully. They tend to drift away from the main reason they joined the institution. To realize top grades, you should take it upon yourself to revise. Below are some professional guidelines for successful reviewing at the university. Organize Schedules Your priority should be allocated to studying as you kick start your day. Your 24 hours must be organized intelligently. A day can be arranged in three classifications as advised by experts: Urgent responsibilities, essential responsibilities, and irrelevant errands. Vital errands are tasks that are crucial and have to be dealt with promptly. When the time for paying back debts or for turning in assignments starts running out, the task immediately becomes an important responsibility. In case you fall ill, visiting a medical practitioner goes to the top of the list as an emergency. Immediate responsibilities should be accorded priority. Your lectures, archive work, exploration works, collectively with other college work should be at the top of your list. They are inevitable. They should be categorized as tasks to be dealt with immediately. Weekend gatherings, cinemas, road trips, sports events, and small screens are all less significant errands. Nonetheless, one should partake in thes e activities occasionally as they essential for psychological and social well-being. It is not a big deal given that one does not participate in these things either way. They should be in the less primacy list. You ought to know how to divide your leisure and reading time effectively. Deduction: Divide your reading and leisure events. Organize individual schedules in a formal manner. Be cautious about the immediate university Design your day You should spare some time to form an active day plan every daybreak. Confirm the timetable and activities. Your college work had better be the basis of the structure of your day. Classes, necessary activities and lectures should not be ignored. Living closer to the university and place of employment has the probability of saving on means and time as recommended by proficient theory writers and other experts. Effective studying You have to study proficiently to emerge triumphant in the scholar life. Even though balancing education and employment is challenging, it is essential to acquire the technique. Some scholars waste a great deal of time and end up staying up the whole night to complete miniature coursework or essays. You can manage your time well and revise extensively. You can contact us to assist with your paper, and you will save on time. Their writers will be more than willing to lend a hand with an article, admittance essay, annotated bibliography, case study, term paper, hypothesis, dissertation, editing, proofreading, coursework, report, and an investigative paper. Briefly take a pause Dividing your work into different segments helps in lessening the vast task load or the studying pressure. You shouldn’t work endlessly for long periods. The brains efficiency is bound to increase provided individual works while taking brief pauses between sessions. This technique works. It allows the brain enough time to internalize the acquired knowledge before moving forward. Deal with any distractions There may be a lot of distractions in your education and work as a student. Due to the acquired freedom from your guardians, it is undoubtedly believed that the university has numerous diverse aspects of distractions. Learning how to stay true to your main objectives at the university is essential since this molds you for the future. Try to stay away from surroundings that do not contribute positively to your tasks. Be careful about your working habits that do not positively impact your time management. Your acquaintances can comprehend when you put your career ahead of your societal position. Because of this reason, your get-togethers can always be postponed.

Masculinity, Femininity, and the Western Rape Mentality in M. Butterfly - Literature Essay Samples

As its title suggests, M. Butterfly is essentially a play about metamorphosis. It is, firstly, the metamorphosis of Giacomo Puccinis famous opera Madame Butterfly into a modern-day geopolitical argument for cultural understanding. Author David Henry Hwang shows, through a highly implausible love affair between a French diplomat and the male Chinese opera singer he believes to be a woman, how the failure to separate desire from reality can result in deception and tragedy. Less obviously, M. Butterfly alludes to the literal metamorphosis of a caterpillar into a butterfly. Gallimard transforms Song from just a man into the Perfect Woman (Hwang 88, 4). Due to his insecurity about his own masculinity, Gallimard needs to create Song in the image of the perfect Asian woman exotic, sensual, and acquiescent in order to feel wholly male. Though he seeks to confine Song within the context of his fantasy, Gallimards vulnerability and need actually free Song by providing her with an outle t to flee the Orientalist representation of Asian people. Gallimard transforms Song into a butterfly, but instead of transforming him into a butterfly who would writhe on a needle, Gallimard is the one who eventually ends up trapped by his own fantasy (Hwang 32). Through an analysis of Gallimards cultural, sexual, and personal relationship with Song Liling, Hwang demonstrates that his treatment of Song is a reflection of the Western rape mentality toward the East, a philosophy that is ultimately self-destructive.Orientalism is a term that refers to the study of Eastern cultures, but, according to postcolonial theorist Edward Said, can also express the strength of the West and the Orients weakness as seen by the West. Such strength and weakness are as intrinsic to Orientalism as they are to any view that divides the world into large general division (45). The rape mentality of the West is a byproduct of the occidental conviction in the dominance and superiority of Western cultur es. By playing into the racism and sexism inherent in Gallimards Orientalist belief system, it is not difficult for Song to deceive him. According to Song, The West thinks of itself as masculine big guns, big industry, big money so the East is feminine weak, delicate, poorthe West thinks that the East, deep down, wants to be dominated (Hwang 83). Because Song is from the East, he can never be fully masculine in Gallimards eyes. The objective of this rape mentality is to serve as an imperialist reminder of the Wests supremacy and an assurance of its power over the East. If the West feels it is by nature masculine and that the East is feminine, its power is viewed as natural, real, and justified; in short, something that cannot be helped. Furthermore, the moral compass of Orientalism is the duty to aid the East in becoming more like the West, while still retaining the aspects of its own culture that the West deigns to accept. Said writes, The modern Orientalist was, in his view, a hero rescuing the Orient from the obscurity, alienation, and strangeness which he himself had properly distinguished (121). In a telling scene, Gallimard tells his colleague Toulon that the Asian people will always submit to the force of the greatest power (Hwang 46). Therefore, by submitting to him, Song has given Gallimard the right to power.Hwang comments on the cultural exchange between the East and the West by forming M. Butterfly as a deconstructivist version of Puccinis Madame Butterfly. The notion that the beautiful Cio-Cio-San would commit ritual suicide because she has been abandoned by Pinkerton, a not very good-looking, not very bright, and pretty much a wimp of a Naval officer, seems entirely absurd (Hwang 5). But as feminist writer Marina Heung observes:As a master text of Orientalism, Madame Butterfly confirms the Asian womans perpetual sexual availability for the Western male even as her convenient demise delimits such liaisons; in the end, Cio-Cio-Sans s uicide recapitulates the face of the expendable Asian whose inevitable death confirms her marginality within dominant culture and history. (Heung 225) For Gallimard, Songs Cio-Cio-San to his Pinkerton represents the supreme fantasy of male sexual power. This relationship is made all the more ironic because Song is an opera singer, and Gallimard meets her at a diplomatic function where she was hired to sing Cio-Cio-Sans death scene. In Act One, scene 13, when Gallimard first tells Song he loves her, instead of asking for her love in return Gallimard simply asks, Are you my Butterfly? (Hwang 39) It is only when she replies in the affirmative that Gallimard responds, My little Butterfly, there should be no more secrets: I love you (40). But while Gallimards statement ButterflyButterfly opens the play, it closes with Songs question, Butterfly? Butterfly? The inversion of the opening and closing lines indicates the dissolution of Gallimards Madame Butterfly fantasy; just as the me aning of the lines has changed completely, so has the relationship between Gallimard and Song; it is Gallimard, by the end of the play, who has become Cio-Cio-San.The tragedy of Puccinis opera is in the destruction of Cio-Cio-San, an innocent and beautiful Japanese girl who is ruined by the one man she loved. While audiences cannot help but be moved by the helpless injustice of the situation, the circumstances under which it arises are still perceived as wholly believable, from the Japanese bride, to the American groom, to the painful termination of their relationship. As Song tells Gallimard when they first meet, because it is an Oriental who kills herself for a Westerneryou find it beautiful (Hwang 17). If it were a blonde homecoming queen and a short Japanese businessman, the play would be considered ridiculous (17). Heung concurs, writing that Puccinis popular opera is in many ways a foundational narrative of East-West relations, having shaped the Western construction of the Orient as a sexualized, and sexually compliant, space that is ripe for conquest and rule (224). Because the East is seen as so innately feminine, any association between a blonde homecoming queen and a short, Japanese businessman would be impossible; the businessman could never, within an Orientalist framework, beat his Western competition. Orientalism arose as a study, but its underlying racism developed in response to fear principally the fear of the Easts potential, which is a very real threat to the power of the West. A critical element in Puccinis plot is that Prince Yamadori rich, handsome, and royal loses Cio-Cio-San to Pinkerton, the poor American sailor. In true Orientalist fashion, Cio-Cio-San would rather kill herself than marry Prince Yamadori after experiencing the superior affections of Benjamin Franklin Pinkerton. Gallimards reasoning for why most Asians hate Madame Butterfly is because the white man gets the girl, but their distaste is due to more than merel y sour grapes (17). The Wests figurative castration of the East is a very real problem, a mindset that is advantageous to neither party and doomed to be fundamentally self-destructive.It seems improbable that anyone can remain ignorant about the sex of his lover for twenty years, but M. Butterfly is based on the true story of the French diplomat Bernard Boursicot and his Chinese mistress Shi Peipu, with whom he had a twenty-year relationship with before discovering his lovers true identity. Hwang attempts, in M. Butterfly, to provide an answer for how such an incongruous relationship could have come about. While he intends the affair between Gallimard and Song to be a criticism of the Wests xenophobic and supremacist perception of the East, Hwang writes in his Afterword that it is not a diatribequite the contrary, I consider it a plea to all sides to cut through our respective layers of cultural and sexual misperception, to deal with one another truthfully for our own mutual good , from the common and equal ground we share as human beings (Hwang 100). The only probable reason why Gallimard and Boursicot could have been blind for so long is because they did not want to acknowledge the truth. Song explains to the Judge, when he is tried for spying, that men hear only what they want to hear, and that Gallimard believes he is a woman because he needs to accept that his fantasy woman is in reality female. As a consequence of Gallimards profound insecurity about his own masculinity, he experiences considerable problems with communication in all of his relationships with women. His marriage to Helga was a matter of convenience, his brief affair with Renee was fueled only by his sadistic desire to cause Song pain, and he maintained a twenty-year relationship with Song without any level of emotional intimacy at all. Gallimards desperate need for dominance exposes a vital weakness, which provids Song with the means by which to assert his freedom from the castrati on of the East by asserting his sexual power over a member of the elite West. Song knows exactly how to inveigle Gallimard: I take the words from your mouth. Then I wait for you to come and retrieve them (86). As he admits to Comrade Chin, only a man knows how a woman should behave; because Song is aware of how the perfect Asian Butterfly is required to act, he knows precisely how to seduce men like Gallimard (63).From the start of the play, the audience already knows the entire story. The play is presented in a series of chronological flashbacks interspaced with personal commentary from the various characters. At times, both Gallimard and Song speak to the audience, calling upon the audience to attempt an understanding of the different motivations of the characters. The character of Gallimard is a tragic figure, because as he readily admits to the audience he does not wish to acknowledge the actuality of his situation, but chooses rather to continue to live in his imaginar y world with his imaginary woman. In the final, climactic confrontation between Gallimard and Song, he tells Song, Tonight, Ive finally learned to tell fantasy from reality. And, knowing the difference, I choose fantasy (Hwang 90). Like Cio-Cio-San, who faithfully waited for three years without a word from Pinkerton, Gallimards most pitiful quality is his dogmatic incapacity to concede the obvious truth. I knew all the time somewhere that my happiness was temporary, my love a deception. But my mind kept the knowledge at bay. To make the wait bearable (88). Even after the truth is presented beyond a doubt, Gallimard knows he cannot live with the weight of the knowledge. In his final speech, Gallimard yearningly recollects his vision of the Orientof slender women in chong sams and kimonos who die for the love of unworthy foreign devils (91). Like the tragic heroine of Madame Butterfly, Gallimard chooses to die with the death of a dream rather than live on with the acceptanc e of fact.Gallimard claims he dies for love, and to an extent he is right he does love the woman he believed Song to be. The man I loved was a cad, a bounder. He deserved nothing but a kick in the behind, and instead I gave himall my love (Hwang 92). However, Song is not Gallimards Butterfly, but rather a strange man in Armani slacks wearing a cold chain and smelling of garlic (Hwang 90). Hwang shows, through a geopolitical lens, that Gallimards relationship to Song is a reflection of the Western rape mentality. The Orient of slender women in chong sams does not exist anywhere but in Gallimards fatally misguided imagination, and his faith in such a self-serving, chauvinistic paradigm impels Gallimard to lose grasp of reality and ruin himself. Edward Said assents:[Orientalism] set the real boundaries between human beings, on which races, nations, civilizations were constructed; it forced vision away from the common, as well as plural, human realities like joy, suffering, politi cal organization, forcing attention instead in the downward and backward direction of immutable origins. (233). Though it is only a dream, Gallimards criterion for the Perfect Woman creates a very real wall between himself and Song, which eventually grows so ingrained that it cannot be breached. Monsieur Butterfly does not refer to Song, but to Gallimard. Madame Butterfly does not exist; the only Butterflies are the men who fool themselves into loving a product of their own imaginations.

Definition and Examples of Paronyms

Why Do Old People Smell The Science of Odor as We Age

Old people smell is a real phenomenon. The chemical composition of odor-producing molecules changes as we age and there are other factors that affect how the elderly smell. Heres a look at some biological and behavioral reasons for changes in body odor as we get older—and tips for minimizing the smell (should you wish to). Key Takeaways Body odor naturally changes as people age but there are other factors that contribute to old people smell.Research indicates people generally dont perceive an elderly persons natural body odor to be unpleasant.Other factors can contribute to unpleasant body odor, including medication use, underlying illness, diet, and perfume use.Body odor can be minimized by increased bathing frequency and with the use of a deodorizing antiperspirant. Body Odor Changes as We Age There are several reasons why the retirement home smells different from the high school gym: Body chemistry changes over time. The characteristic scent associated with the elderly is the same, regardless of a persons ethnicity or culture. Scientists have figured out whats happening: As people age, fatty acid production in the skin increases while antioxidant production decreases. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are oxidized, sometimes increasing the amount of a chemical called 2-nonenal. Nonenal is an unsaturated aldehyde known for its grassy, greasy scent. Some researchers did not detect 2-nonenal; however, they did find higher levels of the funky organics nonanal, dimethylsulfone, and benzothiazole in the body odor of older subjects.Illness and medications change a persons odor. Older people are more likely to take a prescription than younger people. Both the underlying medical condition and the drug can affect body odor. For example, taking garlic as a supplement is known to affect odor. Body odor is a side effect of bupropion hydrochloride (Wellbutrin); leuprolide acetate (L upron), used to limit hormone production; topiramate (Topamax), used to treat epilepsy and seizures; and omega-3-acid ethyl ester (Lovaza), used to reduce blood fat levels. Several drugs increase perspiration rate, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), antidepressants, and codeine sulfate. Medical conditions that affect body odor include diabetes, hyperthyroidism, liver disease, kidney disease, menopause, and schizophrenia.Older people may bathe and change their clothing less often. An elderly person may need help bathing, fear falling on a slick bathroom floor, or may experience pain getting into and out of a tub.The sense of smell, like other senses, declines with age. As a result, an older person may not self-identify an unpleasant smell or might apply excessive amounts of cologne or perfume.Dental hygiene significantly affects a persons odor. As we age, the mouth produces less saliva, reducing the best natural defense against bad breath. Periodontal (gum) dise ase is more common in older people, also contributing to halitosis (bad breath). Dentures and bridges can retain bacteria and fungi, leading to infections and a musty smell.Aging affects our ability to sense dehydration. As the pituitary gland sends weaker signals for thirst, older people tend to drink less water. Dehydration leads to stronger-smelling perspiration and urine and can cause the skin to develop an odor from increased shedding of dry cells.Older people tend to have older belongings, which means their possessions have had time to develop odors. If youre surrounded by old-smelling objects, you carry some of their aromas. Why Body Chemistry Changes There may be an evolutionary reason that odor to change as a person ages. According to  Johan Lundstrà ¶m, a sensory neuroscientist at the Monell Chemical Senses Center, humans use scent to find mates, identify kin, and avoid sick people.  Lundstrà ¶m and his team conducted a study that found people were able to identify the age of a person based solely on body odor. The experiment also found odors associated with old age (ages 75 to 95) were deemed less unpleasant than those from middle-age and young perspiration donors. The odor of old men was deemed best. The odor of older women (old lady smell) was judged to be less pleasant than that of younger women. A logical conclusion of this study would be that the scent of old men acts as a sort of nonverbal advertising for a mate proven to have genes with high survival potential. The scent of an older woman might mark her as past childbearing age. However, test subjects reacted neutrally to body odor from all age groups, so natural biochemical changes do not, of themselves, produce an unpleasant aroma. Getting Rid of Old Person Smell Keep in mind, the natural body odor of an older person is not considered objectionable! If an elderly person smells bad, its probably due to one of the other contributing factors. Increased attention to personal hygiene and upping water intake should be enough to address unpleasant odor in a healthy individual. However, if a persons smell is truly bad, theres likely an underlying medical cause. A trip to the doctor and dentist may be in order, along with a review of medications that may affect body odor. There are actually products marketed specifically to address old people smell. In Japan, the odor even has its own name: Kareishu. The cosmetic firm Shiseido Group has a perfume line intended to neutralize nonenal. Mirai Clinical offers soap and body wash containing persimmon extract, which contains tannins that naturally deodorize nonenal. Another way to combat nonenal and other odiferous aldehydes is to stop fatty acid oxidation by using a lotion that moisturizes the skin and replenishes antioxidants. Sources Gallagher, M.; Wysocki, C.J.; Leyden, J.J.; Spielman, A.I.; Sun, X.; Preti, G. (October 2008). Analyses of volatile organic compounds from human skin. British Journal of Dermatology. 159 (4): 780–791.Haze, S.; Gozu, Y.; Nakamura, S.; Kohno, Y.; Sawano, K.; Ohta, H.; Yamazaki, K. (2001). 2-Nonenal Newly Found in Human Body Odor Tends to Increase with Aging. Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 116 (4): 520–4.  Mitro, Susanna; Gordon, Amy R.; Olsson, Mats J.; Lundstrà ¶m, Johan N. (30 May 2012). The Smell of Age: Perception and Discrimination of Body Odors of Different Ages. PLOS ONE. 7.

A Brief Look at Andy Warhol - 586 Words

Andy Warhol was, and continues to be one of the most popular artists of all time. The reason he was one of the most world-renowned artists was his â€Å"pop art† images, his Campbell’s Soup Can being one of his most remembered pieces. (Rosenberg, n.d) Andy was intrigued by the sudden rise in consumer culture and mass production, which led to consumerism in America being the centre focus of his art. (Tate Org, n.d) In this essay I will be discussing Andy’s journey to success, and how Warhol’s art represents consumerism in America. Andy Warhol (1928-1987), was born Andrew Warhola to Slovak immigrants. He was an artist from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, who later in life, went on to move to New York city to pursue his career. (video reference) Some of Warhol’s’ early pop art images included the 210 Coke Bottles, 200 One Dollar Bills, Campbell’s Soup Cans, and Marilyn Monroe prints that were produced onto a large canvas using the repetitive technique of print making. This particular type of work that Warhol produced is something that had contributed to America’s sudden infatuation with consumerism. (Tate Org, n.d) The pop art movement was effective because people who lived everyday lives were able to relate to Andy’s artwork, as well as formulate their own opinions to what they think the ideas and reasoning behind Warhol’s artwork were (Kearney, 2012) What influenced Andy to create artwork that included film stars who were apart of popular culture, was the interest he took in film starsShow MoreRelatedAnnotated Bibliography Of Research On Andy Warhol2354 Words   |  10 Pagesabout Andy Warhol Hereunder is a list of resources broken categorically into three sections: books, video footage and interviews. All of which I will be using in further development of my research paper on Andy Warhol (a.k.a. Andrew Warhola). Following each citation I have written a brief summary pertaining to that particular material and why I chose to use it for my research paper. Although he was not a painter and could not paint very well, according to his own understanding,  ¹ Andy WarholRead MoreThe Exhibition Experience Using Falk And Dierking s Interactive Experience Model1284 Words   |  6 Pages People gather halfway through the Andy Warhol exhibition, at The Portland Art Museum, in front of a looping short film of Warhol eating a burger ending with â€Å"I’m Andy Warhol and I just finished eating a burger† (, n.d.). The exhibition, provided by the Jordan Schnitzer family, is the largest collection of Warhol’s work to ever be on display (Portland Art Museum, n.d.). I will be evaluating the Warhol exhibition experience using Falk and Dierking’s Interactive Experience Model (IEM). IEM entailsRead MoreThe Youngest African American Artist Kara892 Words   |  4 PagesBelow is a brief biography of one of the youngest African American artist Kara Elizabeth Walker. Walker was born in November 26, 1969 in Stockton, California, US. Currently, she lives in New York, NY. Walker’s dad Larry Walker is an art professor and her mother Gwen Walker is a clothing designer. In 1996, Walker married Klaus Burgel, who is a jewelry designer and they both gave a birth to a daughter name Octavia. Walker has been educated at Atlanta College of Art, BA, 1991 and Rhode Island schoolRead More Andy Warhols Impact on Art Essay3154 Words   |  13 Pages Andy Warhols Impact on Art Andrew Warhola was born August Sixth, 1928, in Pittsburgh Pennsylvania. He was the youngest son of Julie and Andrej Warhola, both immigrants from Czechoslovakia. After a quiet childhood spent alternately alone and in art classes, Andrew went to college. 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INTRODUCTION: The 1940’s through the 1960’s were not only some of the most socially and politically volatile times in American History, but were theRead MoreExamining The Notion Of The Found Image On The Work Of John Stezaker1795 Words   |  8 Pagesfound image in the work of John Stezaker. What particular temporal qualities do you think the found image adds to these works? Photography has always been a way of documenting time, a memory sealed into an image and held there forever. This is a brief documentation of a place or a person capsuled in time, with the history and the memory intertwined with the image. However, as the photographs age and the decades pass, the images stay the same but the memory fades away along with the audience of thatRead More Lucian Freud Essay2816 Words   |  12 Pagessymbolism. Freuds answer is revealing of his greatest strength as a figure painter: The idea of a story doesnt bother me because everythings a story. But the idea of symbolism: I hate mystification. He contrasted his views with those of Andy Warhol, who said of his own work that, They are exactly as they seem; there is nothing behind them. I want there to be everything behind mine, says Freud. His awareness that every subject has a story, that it is part of some sort of externalRead MoreSocial Legal and Economic Impact of Ebusiness in Ireland13799 Words   |  56 PageseBusiness – Negatives 33 Middle Man Redundant 33 Consumer Price Discrimination 34 Targeted Advertising to Consumers 35 Bibliography - Social 37 Bibliography - Legal 39 Bibliography - Economic 40 General Introduction This assignment firstly gives a brief overview of the history of the internet and how it provided the platform for the rapid development of eBusiness once the core applications were in place to enable it. Additionally, the assignment covers the Social, Legal and Economic Impact of eBusiness

Theories of Cognitive Development an Insight to the...

Theories of Cognitive Development: An insight to the theories of Piaget, Information-processing and Vygotsky How do we learn? How do we grow? Over the years, psychologists have studied to great lengths the processes that humans go through as they progress from infancy to adulthood. Several theories have emerged over time with three prominent ones. Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky produced two important and distinct theories. Another important theory, the information-processing theory, presents a completely different point of view. Each theory has is differences from the other and gives insight into the developing human mind. Jean Piaget believed that all children are curious and act as scientists in their never-ending quest to build†¦show more content†¦This mental hardware is the â€Å"wiring† of the brain. It is the structure and pathways built in that allow the brain to function. The software is in reference to â€Å"programs† that allow people to perform specific tasks. Supporters of this theory believe that children’s mental software continues to gro w and develop thorough life, becoming more complex. Part of the Information Processing Theory is attention, which is a process that determines what sensory information receives extra cognitive processing. Over time, children learn to focus attention between orienting responses, which grab the attention, and tasks at hand. As development continues, attention span is developed and children become able to focus their attention on things for longer periods of time. Learning is another important part of the Information-processing. Learning occurs through the process classical conditioning, among others. In classical conditioning, one response is elicited be providing a stimulus that is produced by another stimulus. The ever-popular example would be Pavlov’s dog. In this experiment, dogs were trained to recognize that food, which caused salivation, would be given to them after a bell was rung. 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Piaget was born in 1896, in Neuchatel Switzerland, and lived a full and significant life, he passed away at age 84. His father was a medieval historian, and his mother was a homemaker; she was highly emotional and her behavior disrupted the normalcy of their home. Piaget married Valentine Chatenay, and they soon welcomed three girls;Read MoreKermit and the Keyboard969 Words   |  4 Pagesstory three cognitive theories can be recognized, analyzed and they are all believed to produce different learning outcomes. These three theories are the Cognitive Information-Processing Theory, The Piaget’s Theory of Development as it relates to learning and lastly, The Interactional Theories of Cognitive Development. Each one of these theories presents itself in the manner in which Kermit develops a strategy for learning how to play the keyboard. In the cognitive information-processing approach declarativeRead MoreGraduation Speech : My Experience At The Front Of The Entire Class2007 Words   |  9 Pagesdifferent theories used in the classroom and our cognitive development throughout school. Cognitive development is concerned with our ability to think, to reason, and to understand and remember (Duchesne, 2012 pg. 56). Vygotsky established a profound theory that I recognize to link into my own experiences during school. Though to begin with the example presented at the start I believe the more appropriate theory to discuss is the information processing theory in conjunction with Piaget’s theory. AnotherRead MoreCognitive Learning Theorys Impact on Curriculu,1998 Words   |  8 PagesLearning Theory Paper Curr 558/Foundations of Curriculum and Instruction University of Phoenix Dr. Ginger Lewis Jacobs April 4, 2008 Cognitive Learning Theory Introduction Cognitivism focuses on an unobservable change in mental knowledge. 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Trial Of Void Aafter IDC Removal Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Trial Of Void Aafter IDC Removal. Answer: Nursing care for patient during a trial-of-void after IDC removal, which are The patient to know the procedure of catheterisation and removal The nurse must educate the patient on what to expect during the process Require recording of the volume of the urine in the urine bag on the fluid balance chart Patent education on intake of fluid in required amount (Street et al., 2015) Give full support to the patient to increase confidence Educate the patient report discomfort immediately Nurse must stop fluid intake in case of discomfort Inform patient that the first urine may be blood stained (Ostaszkiewicz et al., 2016) The nurse must explain the process of trial of void after the removal of IDC to the patients. The nurse Educate the patient on voiding urethrally using urinal or bed pan when having a desire to void and in case they become uncomfortable. Patent education is necessary to ensure the successful outcome. It will help them realise the importance of regular fluid intake. Supporting patient is necessary to reduce anxiety and increase the confidence to challenge the bladder. It is safe for the patient to learn that that the discomfort may occur to avoid panic and anxiety. Further nursing care involves Ensure that the patient maintains the fluid intake of 250 - /hour atleast when awake Educate the patient on voiding urethrally using urinal or bed pan when having a desire to Help patient in regular fluid intake to reduce the risk of disturbed sleep Frequent monitoring during the day for voided urine Nurse to ensure that the patents bladder capacity do not exceed 600mls (Widdall, 2015) It is necessary that nurse ensures the bladder is filled overnight at the time of sleeping. It will help in increasing the volume of the first void in the morning. It is necessary to keep patient alert and wake to help intake of adequate fluid and voiding activity. Adequate fluid intake (1.5-2L) will help in enough urine output. Considerations for nurses when a patient commences trial of void after removal of IDC Prior to removal of IDC the bladder must be empty Nurses need to measure the void volume Record the fluid volume each time of void on the fluid balance chart Reassessment or re-catheterisation required if the patient has not voided for 6-8 hours Require monitoring of the post void residual Prior to removal-Assessment (Lynch et al., 2016) Monitor and record the failure of trial of void Discuss the ongoing plan of care with the patient in an event of failure Note- The nurse must consider the discomfort of the patients and recatheterise if the patient has not voided for 6-8 hours and must be followed by reassessment. It is necessary to consider the post void residual on atleast three subsequent voids. The nurse must ensure that before the removal of catheter the bladder is completely drained. Prior to removal the assessment should indicate that IDC can be removed. These steps are required because the trial is carried to determine the patients ability to successfully empty the bladder and then remove the IDC. Patient safety cannot be maintained if the clinical procedure is not maintained. These considerations are required as it will be easy to monitor and manage the complications when the trial fails. Precaution at the time of the catheter removal includes the following: Nurse to ensure that the patient is not constipated prior to removal Collection of patient history before trial Assessment for patient symptoms such as nocturia, frequency and the functional bladder capacity To keep the option of urethral catheter reinserted in case of fail of trial (Daly et al., 2016) It is necessary to ensure that the patient is not constipated as it will lead to retention of urine. It may appear that the trail has failed. Patient history is required to know the usual urine time. It will help in having the correct time of the trial of void. Some older patients may have large diuresis overnight and some patients may have large urine volume during day. References Daly, O., Coffey, K., Liberatore, R., Mendoza, C., Comeadow, M., Pohatu, H., Dibella, V. (2016). Better postpartum bladder care through standardised documentation, screening voids, trial of void protocol and the use of automated bladder scanners.Australian New Zealand Continence Journal,22(4). Lynch, G., Bell, K., Long, D., Burmeister, L. (2016). Factors associated with the successful removal of indwelling urinary catheters post-operatively in the fragility hip fracture patient.International journal of orthopaedic and trauma nursing,23, 25-31. Ostaszkiewicz, J., Hutchinson, A., Cull, E. (2016). Cleaning, containing and concealing incontinence in residential aged care facilities: staff members' constructions of quality continence care.Australian New Zealand Continence Journal,22(4). Street, P., Thompson, J., Bailey, M. (2015). Management of urinary catheters following hip fracture.Australasian journal on ageing,34(4), 241-246. Widdall, D. A. (2015). Considerations for determining a bladder scan protocol.Journal of the Australasian Rehabilitation Nurses Association,18(3), 22.

21st Century Management Skills free essay sample

Being a successful manager in the 21st century takes many skills that can be placed into three categories: Management Style, Communication, and Employee Relations. Historically, managers have mostly fallen into the Theory X type manager, meaning they pushed for production at any cost to the employee. The manager would assume that most people dislike work and avoid it whenever possible. People responded to punishment and negative reinforcement, and also that employees wanted to be directed and did not want the responsibility of making their own decisions. The 21st century manager will be much the opposite, seeing the employee as the number one asset. They see the employee as being driven and embracing responsibility, while being loyal to the company due to a positive reward system. Managers will stand back allowing for self-direction, and employee creativity and imagination to be tapped into. Next, communication is key to the success of any organization. We will write a custom essay sample on 21st Century Management Skills or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page One important skill for a manager is being multicultural, and/or multilingual – being able to speak another language, and to understand and adapt to differing cultural cues. This allows for a diverse work environment with less culture shock and improved human relations. Information will flow equally up and down the organization; employees will be kept informed about the Key Operating Indicators of the company, such as Internal PPM Scrap, Efficiency, On Time Delivery, etc. Allowing for a visual representation of how the organization is doing, and making the employees feel more connected; in turn increasing productivity, decreasing scrap, pushing for quality and on time delivery – while being able to track improvements. Finally, organizations have changed their outlook on customer relations, by making their employees their internal customers. Employees will be used as guides for continuous improvement of processes and policies throughout the organization. This will allow the employee to form loyalty and commitment, knowing they have a say in how things work. Managers will be team leaders and coaches to new employees, meaning everyone is helping everyone else; allowing employees to embrace change. Employees with this new commitment will be more likely to be promoted from within with a wealth of company information and knowledge, helping them to renew the cycle and become better managers themselves.

Migraine Headaches Are The Result Of A Disturbance In The Neurochemist

Migraine headaches are the result of a disturbance in the neurochemistry of the central nervous system. They are relatively common, affecting three times as many women as men. Migraine sufferers typically report a definite pattern to their headaches, and they can report what stimuli bring them on. Most migraine sufferers experience their first attack before the age of 20. There is no single cause of migraines, but the tendency to get migraines does tend to run in families. When a migraine occurs, it means that something has altered several of the neurotransmitter-sensitive receptors located on the outside surface of the nerve cells (neurons) so that the nervous system is no longer able to constantly maintain the natural balance that the nervous system is intended to maintain. Neurotransmitters are chemicals that nerve cells (neurons) use to communicate messages to each other. Receptors are special areas that receive these chemical messages. The key neurotransmitter in migraine is called serotonin (often referred to in the scientific literature as 5-HT or 5-hydroxytryptophan). If something interferes with the normal functioning (production, release, receptor docking, and/or re-uptake) of serotonin, that disrupts the normal functioning of the nervous system and can lead to various symptoms associated with migraine. The severe pain associated with migraine occurs when the mechanism that normally inhibits and/or mediates pain is disabled. There is no actual tissue damage occuring during a migraine attack. Instead, the pain results from a deranged neurochemistry. Migraine pain is like a loud fire alarm bell ringing when there is no fire. Scientists suspect that a caffeine withdrawal could be the possible cause of common migraines. Why? Well, caffeine is a powerful psychoactive drug that is addictive. Caffeine withdrawals produce all the same symptoms as migraine. Chronic caffeine use causes a number of changes to the central nervous system. Caffeine use increases the number of some types of serotonin receptors and some types of adenosine receptors as well. Adenosine is another neurotransmitter; adenosine strongly inhibits serotonin release. Chronic caffeine use increases the number of adenosine receptors.(The body is trying to compensate for the constant presence of caffeine, which occupies and blockades adenosine receptors and thus interferes with adenosine reception.) When caffeine is withdrawn, however, the chronic caffeine user is left with too many adenosine receptors. Having too many adenosine receptors is equivalent to having too much adenosine. As a result, serotonin release is inhibited and this leads to migraine symptoms. As you know there are many drugs used against migraine. Many of these drugs contain caffeine, for good reason: caffeine relieves migraine by reversing caffeine withdrawal. Migraine drugs that contain caffeine include Fiorinal (40mg caffeine), Fioricet (40mg caffeine), Excedrin (65mg caffeine), Anacin (32mg caffeine), Cafergot, Norgesic Forte (60mg caffeine), and others. Sumatriptan (Imitrex) is effective in relieving migraine attacks presumably because the sumatriptan molocule mimics (is very similar to) the serotonin molocule, and thus is called a serotonin agonist (helper). Sumatriptan, in other words, makes up for the shortfall of serotonin by occupying certain types of serotonin receptors. Sumatriptan is called a selective serotonin agonist because it has a greater affinity for (sticks more to) certain types of serotonin receptors than others. Other drugs, such as Prozac, Paxil, and Zoloft, are intended for the treatment of depression but they also seem to reduce frequency and/or severity of headaches including migraine (although they are not as effective as sumatriptan against oncoming migraine attacks). These drugs are called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, which means they interfere in the reuptake of serotonin back into the interior of the nerve cells (neurons). To understand what reuptake means you need to understand that neurotransmitters, once released, must be quickly grabbed and transported back into the interior of nerve cells for reuse. That must happen to "clears the boards" for the next message. If something (like Paxil) interferes with re-uptake of serotonin, that makes more serotonin available to dock with serotonin receptors. That explains why these anti-depressant drugs help reduce migraine to a certain extent. If caffeine withdrawal causes migraines then there is a way to end your migraines without surgery. You would have to either quit caffeine entirely or else maintain consistent daily caffeine intake. To do either you would need to be aware of all caffeine sources in food, drink, and

Sentence Building with Adjective Clauses

Sentence Building with Adjective Clauses In our study of adjective clauses, weve learned the following: The adjective clausea word group that modifies a nounis a common form of subordination.An adjective clause usually begins with a relative pronoun.The two main types of adjective clauses are restrictive and nonrestrictive. Now were ready to practice building and combining sentences with adjective clauses. Consider how these two sentences can be combined: My mp3 player fell apart after a few weeks.My mp3 player cost over $200. By substituting the relative pronoun which for the subject of the second sentence, we can create a single sentence containing an adjective clause: My mp3 player, which cost over $200, fell apart after a few weeks. Or we may choose to substitute which for the subject of the first sentence: My mp3 player, which fell apart after a few weeks, cost over $200. Put what you think is the main idea in the main clause, the secondary (or subordinate) idea in the adjective clause. And keep in mind that an adjective clause usually appears after the noun it modifies. PRACTICE: Building Sentences with Adjective ClausesCombine the sentences in each set into a single, clear sentence with at least one adjective clause. Subordinate the information that you think is of secondary importance. When you are done, compare your new sentences with the sample combinations below. Keep in mind that many combinations are possible, and in some cases you may prefer your own sentences to the original versions. The first alarm clock woke the sleeper by gently rubbing his feet.The first alarm clock was invented by Leonardo da Vinci.Some children have not received flu shots.These children must visit the school doctor.Success encourages the repetition of old behavior.Success is not nearly as good a teacher as failure.I showed the arrowhead to Rachel.Rachels mother is an archaeologist.Merdine was born in a boxcar.Merdine was born somewhere in Arkansas.Merdine gets homesick every time she hears the cry of a train whistle.The space shuttle is a rocket.The rocket is manned.This rocket can be flown back to earth.This rocket can be reused.Henry Aaron played baseball.Henry Aaron played with the Braves.Henry Aaron played for 20 years.Henry Aaron was voted into the Hall of Fame.The vote was taken in 1982.Oxygen is colorless.Oxygen is tasteless.Oxygen is odorless.Oxygen is the chief life-supporting element of all plant life.Oxygen is the chief life-supporting element of all animal life.Bushido is the tr aditional code of honor of the samurai.Bushido is based on the principle of simplicity.Bushido is based on the principle of honesty.Bushido is based on the principle of courage.Bushido is based on the principle of justice. Merdine danced on the roof.It was the roof of her trailer.Merdine danced during the thunderstorm.The thunderstorm flooded the county.The thunderstorm was last night. When you have completed all ten sets, compare your new sentences with the sample combinations below. The first alarm clock, which woke the sleeper by gently rubbing his feet, was invented by Leonardo da Vinci.Children who have not received flu shots must visit the school doctor.Success, which encourages the repetition of old behavior, is not nearly as good a teacher as  failure.I showed the arrowhead to Rachel, whose mother is an archaeologist.Merdine, who was born in a boxcar somewhere in Arkansas, gets homesick every time she hears the cry of a train whistle.The space shuttle is a manned rocket that can be flown back to earth and reused.Henry Aaron, who played baseball with the Braves for 20 years, was voted into the Hall of Fame in 1982.Oxygenwhich is colorless, tasteless, and odorlessis the chief life-supporting element of all plant and animal life.Bushido, which is the traditional code of honor of the samurai, is based on the principles of simplicity, honesty, courage, and justice.Merdine  danced on the roof of her trailer during the thunderstorm that flooded the county las t night. See also:  Combining Sentences and Building Paragraphs With Adjective Clauses

Industry project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Industry project - Assignment Example Women are expected by culture to remain home and respect their husbands (Shallal, 2011.They also expressed that they felt nervous to work in places that were highly male dominated. In addition, with oil discovery, women have highly expressed reluctance in jobs since their husbands provide everything. It is out of these demands following the career woman in UAE that made them highly dissatisfied with their work. In fact, women exhibited conflicting preferences when it came to working and home chores and usually resulted to absenteeism, poor turn over as well as deteriorated health. According to Les & Baruch, various aspects hindered employees in dispensing their duties. These challenges added to employee dissatisfaction or demoralization in the Middle East. One of the challenges included corruption as well as political interference in the public domain. Moreover, the Organizations in the Middle East were to blame for employee dissatisfaction owing to meager salaries offered as well as unsuitable working conditions in the public sector. Other reason for the employee dissatisfaction was owing to the fact that there were no reward mechanisms to recognize the employee’s efforts. Many employees also did not comprehend their jobs and were very confused with what to do. In addition, the employees did not comprehend what their supervisor’s role was in the work place and their leaders would. The other challenge projected was that the public sector did not offer frequent training to its workers and this made them perform badly. Moreover, Alabdelkarim, Muftah & Hodgson study was an interesting study concerning employee dissatisfaction. The study explained the concept of emiratisation whereby the government offered jobs to the locals who had the required skills. On the other hand, the private sector did not employ locals out of the belief that they were under skilled

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Research Paper - 6

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) - Research Paper Example Management of risks associated with exposure to PAHS depends on the levels and the duration of exposure. If an individual is exposed to acute high doses, decontamination and other supportive measures should be the basic objectives (Feng, Sun and Song, 2014). Decontamination should be carried out by washing up the individual and cleaning up the clothes. The skin of the victim should be thoroughly scrubbed with soap and water as soon as possible. The victim should also be isolated from a polluted environment to a place with clean air (Plant et al., 2012). Other supportive care such as pulmonary functional tests should be routinely carried out. X-rays to determine the level of damage to the lungs should be carried out also. For ocular contamination, the patient should be treated by irrigating the eye (Whitacre and Ware, 2008). If an individual has been exposed to low levels of PAHS for a long time, they eventually develop toxicity. For effective care, the patient should be taught about the risks associated with exposure to PAHS and how to avoid further exposure (Friis, 2008). They should be informed of the possibility of developing bronchogenic cancer and the additive effects of exposure to cigarette smoke and other related toxic agents. The parents should be made to follow-up periodic evaluations for treatment of symptoms associated with PAHS exposure. Risk communication to individuals exposed to PAHS should take into account the challenges associated with trying to maintain a balance between concern and undue alarm to the patient. This is because PAHS are complex, and hence it is impossible to predict their carcinogenicity based only on several of the components. Effective risk communication should involve a comprehensive education programme on the dangers of PAHS exposure. Medical surveillance of workers who are at the risk of exposure to PAHS should be done to inform them of the dangers of overexposure

Should Exams Be Abolished Essay Example for Free

Should Exams Be Abolished Essay According to a recent survey of â€Å"Education Newspaper†, what cause students to be frightened the most is â€Å"exams†. Some students say that the exams should be abolished because they make students absolutely anxious and stressful. However, the exams play an important role in school’s life and also have many advantages. So I believe that the exams should not be abolished because of some reasons. The most important reason is that exams are a method to examine students’ level and .Depending on results of exams; teachers can determine how students acquire knowledge. If marks are from 7-10 that mean students apprehend well the content of subjects, teachers will give them some difficult exercises to help students develop their creation. On the other hand, if marks are below 7 that mean students don’t understand clearly the subjects. In addition, after doing exams, students can know more about their knowledge. Students will determine what are weak points, where are the holes in their knowledge. From these, students review these parts in order not to puzzle when do them later Another reason is that exams make students to study harder. Some fast or mini exams will force students to attend the classes frequently.Some teachers don’t want to remind when students have mini exams. Any time teachers see some interesting exercises, teachers will gives students do those which are like mini tests. If students don’t attend class those days, they will lose one or two column marks, which make their mid-term results low It’s true that exams make students stressful and anxious. Some students say that when exams come near, they have to cram a lot of lesson in short time, which make them exhaust. That is the reason why students wish exams would be abolished. However, these pressures aren’t caused by exams but students. During the studying, students should take note the main points of each subject and review after classes. And when they have exams, they just read again but can remember the important information. They no longer feel stressful in order to cram the lessons. Moreover, if there are no the exams, how can students examine their levels? They study more and more, but they don’t know what the destinations are and how many percents they apprehend the knowledge after studying. As the result, they feel vague and bored. In the end, students’ studying will not be effective if there are no exams. Although they make students absolutely anxious, they  shouldn’t be abolished.

outline of socrates :: essays research papers fc

Socrates: 1. Sophists ~> professional teachers... Socrates was the greatest of them all (469-399 B.C.E.) 2. Followed the Sophists' lead in turning away from the study of the cosmos and concentrating on the case of the human. Unlike the way the Sophists discoursed about the human being, he wanted to base all argumentation on objectively valid definitions. 3. Socrates' discourse moved in two directions A. Outward - to objective definitions B. Inward - to discover the inner person, the soul, the source of all truth to Socrates. 4. He was hardly ever able to answer the questions he asked. 5. Spent much time in the streets and markets of Athens. A. Querying every man he met about whether that man knew anything. B. Said, "If there was an afterlife, he would pose the same question to the shades in Hades." 6. Socrates professed, ironically, that he knew nothing, because he at least knew that he knew nothing, whereas the others falsely believed themselves to know something. 7. He, himself, wrote no books, but his conversations were remembered by his disciple Plato, and later published by him as dialogues... Very often these questions emphasized a specific philosophical question. The typical Socratic dialogue has 3 divisions: A. A question is posed. Socrates becomes excited and enthusiastic to find someone who claims to know something. B. Finds "minor flaws" in his companion's definition and slowly begins to unravel it, forcing his partner to admit ignorance (in one dialogue, his target ended up in tears). C. An agreement is reached by the admittedly ignorant companion to pursue truth seriously. 8. In his quest for truth, Socrates managed to offend many of the powerful and pompous figures of Athens, who later conspired against him, getting him indicted for teaching false doctrines, for impiety, and for corrupting the youth. 9. Socrates was brought to trial, with the hopes to humiliate him by forcing him to beg for mercy. A. On the contrary, Socrates maligned his prosecutors and angered the unruly jury of 500 by lecturing to them about their ignorance. When he was asked to suggest his own punishment, he recommended that the Athenians give him free board and lodging in the town hall... The jury condemned him to death by a vote of 280 to 220

Actus Reus – Paper

ACTUS REUS: OMISSION & CAUSATION The general basis for imposing liability in  criminal law  is that the defendant must be proved to have committed a guilty act whilst having had a guilty state of mind. The physical elements are collectively called the actus reus and the accompanied mental state is called the mens rea. It is the fundamental duty of the prosecution to prove both of these elements of the offence to the satisfaction of the judge or jury beyond reasonable doubt. In the absence of such proof the defendant will be acquitted.ACTUS REUS An actus reus consists of more than just an act. It also consists of whatever circumstances and consequences are recognised for liability for the offence in question – in other words all the elements of an offence other than the mental element. The term actus reus has been given a much wider meaning by Glanville Williams in his criminal law. He says : When he use the technical tern actus reus we include all the external circumstance s and consequences specified in the rule of law as constituting the forbidden situation.Reus must be taken as indicating the situation specified in the actus reus as on that, given any necessary mental element, is forbidden by law. In other words, acus reus means the whole definition of the crime with the exception of the mental element – and it even includes a mental element in so far as that is contained in the definition of an act. Actus reus includes negative as well as positive elements. For example, as stared earlier, the actus reus of murder is the causing of death of a person.It also includes circumstances, such as the person whose death has been caused was not as a consequence of a sentence or death given to him or that the death was caused within the territorial jurisdiction of the state. OMISSIONS IN CRIMES Omissions are controversial for two main reasons_ first, whether and to what extent it is justifiable omissions rather than acts; and secondly, whether liabilit y for omissions rather than act requirement in criminal law. Pursuing the second point here, much has been made above of the importance f requiring proof that the defendant voluntarily did something to produce prohibited conduct or consequence. In so far as this can be termed an ‘act requirement’, are omissions a true exception to it? If they are, is this another argument against criminalizing them? One much-discussed preliminary question is the distinction between acts and omissions. Sometimes it is argued that certain verbs imply action and therefore exclude liability for omissions, and that the criminal law should respect. The distinctions flowing from this. English courts have often used this linguistic or interpretive approach.It has led to a variety of decisions in different statutes, without much discussion of the general principles underlying omissions liability. The law commissions considerably draft criminal code may be said to signal the continuation of this approach, by redefining the homicide offences in terms of ‘causing death’ rather than ‘killing’, and refining the damage offences in terms of ‘causing damage’, rather than ‘damaging’, so as ‘to leave fully open the courts the possibility of so constructing the relevant (statutory) provisions as to impose liability for omissions’.The draft cod would therefore remove any linguistic awkwardness in saying, for example, that a parent killed a child by failing to feed it; but it does so in this specific instance, and without proclaiming a general principle, that the act requirement may be fulfilled by an omission of a duty can be established. Attachment to the vagaries of the language is no proper basis for delineating the boundaries of criminal liability.In some situations the courts, following the linguistic approach, have nevertheless found themselves able to impose omissions liability. In Speck (1977)3 the defendant was charged with committing an act of gross indecency with or towards a child. The evidence was that an 8 yr old girl placed her hand on his trousers over his penis. he allowed that hand to remain there for some minutes, causing him to have an erection.The court of appeal held that the defendants failure to remove the hand amounted to an invitation to the child with the act, or it created a duty in an adult to put an end to the innocent touching of this kind, with omissions liability for not fulfilling the duty. The analysis is similar to that in miller (1983) where D fell asleep whilst smoking, woke up to find the mattress smouldering, but simply left the room and went to sleep elsewhere. He was convicted of causing criminal damage by fire, on the basis that a person who initiates a sequence of events nnocently and then fails to do anything to stop the sequence should be regarded as having caused the whole sequence. On this view the conduct constitutes a single, continuing act; Miller caused the damage because he took no steps to extinguish the fire he had innocently started. It must be doubted whether these efforts to find an act which then coincides in point in point of time with defendants knowledge and intentions are convincing. surely the courts are imposing liability for an omission on these cases, by recognizing that a duty arises.Speck is a little different from miller since the original act of the speck was of the girl, and the duty must therefore amount the recognition of an obligation on an adult to put an end to the indecent yet innocent touching by a child. In so far as these decisions appear to extend the statutory wording, are they objectionable on grounds of retroactivity and lack of fair warning, or defensible as applications of existing common law doctrine to new situations?In other situations it seems possible to offer plausible reasons for regarding the same event as either an act or an omission, and in some cases the courts have sought to exp loit this ambiguity when dealing with problematic medical issues. Yet it is one thing to say that a healthcare professional who decides not to replace an empty bag for a drip-feed has made an omission, whereas switching a ventilator off is an act; is another thing to maintain that the act-omission distinction should be crucial to any determination of the criminal liability in the two situations.In Airedale NHS trust v bland (1993)the house of lords held that it would be lawful for a doctor to withdraw treatment from a patient in a persistent vegetative state, even though death would inevitable be hastened by that conduct. The house held that the withdrawal of treatment would constitute and omission, and thus regarded the duties of the doctor as the central issue. The decision was that the doctor a doctor has no duty to continue life supplying treatment when it is no longer in the best interest of the patient, having regard to responsible medical opinion.However the court of appeal d eclined to adopt this subterfuge in Re A(conjoined twins: Surgical separation), holding that the surgical separation of the twins would undoubtedly an act, and subsequently deciding that carrying out an operation which would result in the death of one twin in order to save the life of other could be justifies on the grounds of necessity. This demonstration of the fragility of the act-omission distinction of the vagaries fthe English language indicates that it may be simplistic to oppose omissions liability in the principle.There are some clear cases of omission in which it is desirable to have criminal liability, such as the parent who neglects to feed her or his child or neglects to protect it from abuse. Omissions can be involuntary or not, in the same way as acts; and provided, that the harm resulted because D failed to intervene, it can be argued that omissions are also causes. Omissions liability ay therefore satisfy the principles that no one should be held liable for bodily m ovements that he or she did not or could not direct.It may also satisfy the principle that no person should be held liable for the conduct or consequences that he or she did not cause. But one point of the act requirement is to exclude liability for mere thoughts that do not result in some bodily movement, and omissions fall foul to that. They do so for a good reason – that certain positive duties to act are so important that they can rightly be made the subject of criminal liability. Of course, such a duty should also be defined with sufficient certainty and made known to those affected by it.So long as these formal requirements are fulfilled there can be no fairness objection to holding a person liable, provided that he or she is capable of taking some steps to carry out the duty. CAUSATION IN CRIMES An event is very often the result of a number of factors. A factor is said to have caused a particular event if, without that factor or, the event would not have happened. Thus , a man is said to have caused the actus reus of a crime, if, that actus would not have occurred without his participation in what was done. Some casual relationships has to be established between his conduct and the prohibited result.A man is usually held criminally liable only for the consequences of his conduct as he foresaw, (or is crimes of negligence, he ought to have foreseen). The act must be the causa causans, ie, the immediate or proximate cause of the effect. When the facts are direct and simple, then establishing the causal nexus between the act and the effect may not be difficult, as for instance in a case of person shooting another person and thereby killing him. The causation can also be without any direct physical act. if the victim asks his way on a dark night nd the accused with the intention of causing his death, directs him to a path that he knows will bring him to a cliff edge , and the victing suffers a fatal fall, this is clearly murder, though the accused has done nothing more than utter words. This can be true in cases of abetment, incitement and conspiracy. In the instances stated above, it is not difficult to establish the direct result between the cause and the effect. The difficulty arises only in cases of multiple causation, where it is difficult to establish the imputability. Example: A, intending to kill B but only wounds him very slightly.A clearly has the requisite mens rea for murder, that is, he foresees and desires B’s death. Not let us assume that on his being ta ken to the hospital in an ambulance, a piece of masonry from a building falls on the ambulance and kills B; or, alternatively, that B has a rare blood disease which prevents his blood from coagulation so that the slight wound leads to his death, which it would not have done if he had not been suffering from this disease; or, alternatively, that B refuses to have the wound treated and dies of blood poisoning, which would not have occurred if B had had the wo unded treated.In all these cases, a problem of causation arises, i. e. , did A cause B’s death for the purposes of the criminal law so that he can be convicted of murder? If the result is too remote and accidental in its occurrence, then there is no criminal liability. CAUSATION AND NEGLIGENCE The difficulty of causation arises very often n cases of negligence. It has t be established that first, the conduct of the person was negligent and secondly, that but for the negligent act of accused, the accident would not have occurred. In other words, the actus reus should be causally connected to the act, which should be proved to be a negligent.In order to impose criminal liability under S 304A, IPC, it is essential to establish that death is the direct result of the rash or (and) negligent act of the accused. It must be causa causans – the immediate cause and not enough that it may be quasa sine qua non, ie, proximate cause. There can be no conviction when rashness or negl igence of third party intervenes. In Suleman rahiman mulani v state of Maharashtra the Supreme Court has approved his rule. In Suleman rahiman mulani the accused who was driving the jeep struck the deceased, as a result of which he sustained serious injuries. The ccused put the injured person in the jeep for medical treatment, but he died. Thereafter, the accused cremated the body. The accused was charged under s304A and 201 of the IPC. As per s 304A, there must be direct nexus between the death of a person and rash and negligent act of the accused that caused the death of the deceased. It was the case of the prosecution of the accused had possessed only a learner’s license and hence was guilty of causing the death of the deceased. The court held that there was no presumption in law that a person who possesses only a learner’s license or possesses no license at all, does not know driving.A person could for various reasons, including sheer indifference, might not have b een taken a regular license . there was evidence to show that the accused had driven the jeep to various places on the previous day of occurrence. So before the accused convicted under s304A, there must a proof that the accused drove in a rash and negligent manner and death was a direct consequence of such rash and negligent manner. In the absence of such evidence no offence under s 304A was made out. The accused was acquitted of the charges. MINIMAL CAUSATIONWhen death of a person is caused after medical treatment, it cannot be said that the treatment was not proper or inadequate, or had better treatment been given, the death would not have taken place. This is because, the intervention of the doctor is in the nature of minimum causation and hence its intervention would have played only a minor part, if any, in causing death. As far as the IPC is concerned, explanation 2 of s 299 specifically states that if an act causes death, even death could have been avoided by proper remedies and skilful treatment, the act shall be deemed to have caused death and the person will be criminally liable.If death results from an injury voluntarily caused, the person who causes the injury, therefore, is deemed to have caused the death, although the life of victim might have been saved if proper medical treatment, provided that it was administered in good faith by a competent physician or surgeon. In Moti singh v state of uttar Pradesh the deceased gayacharan had received two gunshot wounds in the abdomen which were dangerous to life. The injury was received on February 1960. There was no evidence when he was discharged from the hospital and whether he had fully recovered or not.He, however, died on march 1 1960. His body was cremated without post mortem being done. The supreme court held that the two gunshot injuries were dangerous to life were not sufficient for holding that gyancharans death, which took place about three weeks after the incident, was on account of the injuri es received by him. The court observed that in order to prove the charges on gyancharans murder, it was necessary to establish that he had died on account of injuries received on him.Since, the was no evidence to establish the cause of death, the accused could not be said to have caused the death of gyancharan. A crucial aspect highlighted by the court in the case was that the connection between the primary cause and the death should not be too remote. CONCLUSION Causation is a complex topic, with which we have been able to deal only brief here. Proof of causation is often said to be an essential precondition of criminal liability, but there is reason to doubt the generality of that requirement, notably in respect of accomplice liability and vicarious criminal liability.Rather than insisting on a universal requirement of causation, it may be preferable to argue that liability should be negatived, in general, by the voluntary intervening act of another. Several criticisms of the judi cial approach to three exceptional categories of case hace been advanced above. Often the explanations given by the courts are unconvincing. Whilst the traditional or standard causal theory emphasizes the significance of the last voluntary act, there is no reluctance to took wider or to massage the term ‘voluntary’ in certain situations, especially where D clearly stated that the sequence of events by doing a wrongful act.The challenge is to re-examine the intuitions that lead judges and others to their conclusions (the wrongful act theory, the approach to medical mistakes etc. ) with a view to constructing a law that ensures that the courts respect the various principles . BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. P. S. A. Pillai – Criminal law 2. Glanville Williams book on criminal law 3. www. lawteacher. com ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Page 427, principles of criminal law, Glanville will iams [ 2 ]. Duff, criminal attempts, 317-20 Glanville Williams [ 3 ]. 65 CR App R 161. [ 4 ]. (1983) 2 AC 161 [ 5 ]. Criticisms by jc smith (1982) Crim LR 527 and 724, and D.Husak, philosophy of criminal law(1987), 176-8 [ 6 ]. See I. M Kennedy, Treat me right (1988) 169-74 [ 7 ]. (1993) AC 789 [ 8 ]. 4 ALL ER 961 [ 9 ]. Emery (1993) 14 Cr App R (s) 394, aand the new duty by the domestic violence, crime and victims act 2004. [ 10 ]. Glanville Williams, ‘criminal law- causation’) [ 11 ]. Rustom sherior Irani v state of Maharashtra(1969) ACC Cj 79 (SC) [ 12 ]. Md rangawalla v state of mahaarashtra AIR 1965 [ 13 ]. However a driver is expected to anticipate reasonably foreseeable negligent act to road users as contributory negligence has no application in criminal law. [ 14 ]. Re san pai (1936) 14 rang 643